Lithium battery series parallel connection

　　In different application fields, the requirements for batteries vary, and the system has some special requirements for voltage, capacity, internal resistance, etc. Often, a single battery cannot meet the requirements and needs to be connected in series or parallel to form a lithium battery pack before it can be used for external power supply.

　　The performance of batteries in series and parallel is determined by the performance of the worst battery, which is commonly known as the "bucket principle". Therefore, the most important aspect of battery grouping is the consistency of battery performance parameters.

　　Batteries such as laptops, electric bicycles, electric vehicles, energy storage systems, etc. need to be considered in series and parallel to form a battery pack.

　　The voltage of laptop batteries is generally 11.1V or 14.8V, mainly using 18650 batteries, so they are usually 2 series 3 parallel or 2 series 4 parallel.

　　The Apple iPad consists of three polymer batteries connected in parallel, with a capacity of approximately 25Wh. Electric bicycles and electric motorcycles generally have 24V, 36V, 48V, 60V, and 72V systems.

　　The specific grouping of lithium batteries is shown in the table below (S represents series connection).

　　Pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles (EV/PHEV) have higher voltages, around 250-550V. For example, Tesla's Model S has more than 7000 18650 lithium batteries in series and parallel, while BYD's Qin has a total of 140 lithium batteries in series.

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