Development history of vanadium batteries

　　Liquid flow batteries have a very rich development history. The earliest research began by NASA in 1973, when the research system mainly focused on Fe (3+)/Cr (2+) pairs;

　　In 1976, researchers discovered that vanadium could be used as an active substance in flow batteries; In 1958, scholars theoretically proved the feasibility of vanadium batteries, and the following year, all vanadium ion redox flow batteries were officially introduced and patented.

　　With the continuous deepening of research by scholars, articles on vanadium battery electrodes, electrolytes, separators, etc. have emerged one after another. The advantages and disadvantages of vanadium batteries are gradually being recognized by people.

　　Vanadium batteries have the following advantages compared to other energy storage batteries. Firstly, the battery capacity is relatively independent of the output power. The battery capacity only depends on the concentration and amount of electrolyte, while the output power depends on the size of the battery stack; Secondly, the charge and discharge of vanadium batteries only involve the transformation of vanadium ion valence states, which can achieve deep discharge; At the same time, only one ion reacts without any other interference, and the theoretical lifetime is infinite; When the vanadium battery system is turned off, there is no self discharge phenomenon in the battery, the response speed is fast, instantaneous charging can be achieved, and there are no safety hazards; Finally, the recycling and disposal of batteries is simpler and more convenient compared to other batteries, and is not harmful to the environment.

　　The disadvantages are also obvious. Currently, vanadium batteries have a low energy density, only reaching 40Wh/kg, which is more than ten times higher than that of first-line lithium-ion batteries; Compared to other liquid flow batteries such as iron and zinc, vanadium batteries have a much higher cost, a larger footprint, and a narrow operating temperature range, which limits the application areas of vanadium batteries.

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