I. Core Features and PV-Adaptive Design (Different from Conventional Energy Storage Batteries)

　　1. Key Technical Enhancements

　　PV Direct Charging Compatibility: Utilizing a DC-coupled architecture, the PV modules and batteries are directly connected to the DC bus, eliminating the need for AC-DC secondary conversion. This increases system cycle efficiency (RTE) to over 92%, reducing energy losses by 2% compared to traditional AC-coupled solutions. It supports a wide input voltage (200V-800V DC) and is compatible with mainstream PV panel types, including monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon. Its capacity-to-load ratio can reach up to 2.0, allowing it to match a 10kWp PV installation with a 5kW inverter capacity, fully utilizing rooftop power generation resources.

　　Optimized Battery Performance: It primarily utilizes lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery cells with a cell energy density of ≥150Wh/kg, a charge-discharge cycle life exceeding 3000 cycles (80% capacity retention), supports deep charge and discharge (SOC 0-100%), and exhibits excellent thermal stability, making it less susceptible to thermal runaway in high-temperature environments, meeting household safety requirements. The battery management system (BMS) offers multi-dimensional protection, including overcharge, over-discharge, overcurrent, and short-circuit protection, as well as temperature control (operating temperature range -20°C to 60°C).

　　Intelligent Coordinated Control: The built-in photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) module, with tracking efficiency ≥99%, automatically allocates photovoltaic power to the load first, storing excess power in the battery and supplementing it with power from the grid when insufficient. It supports arbitrage between peak and valley electricity prices, allowing charging and discharging strategies to be configured via the app (e.g., charging during valley hours and discharging during peak hours), reducing electricity costs.

　　Grid-On/Off-Grid Dual Mode: The battery features millisecond-level (≤10ms) off-grid switching capability, automatically switching to backup power during a grid outage, ensuring continuous power supply for critical loads such as refrigerators, lighting, and communications equipment. Rated output power ranges from 3kW to 15kW, meeting the needs of various household electricity needs. 2. Typical Application Scenarios

　　PV rooftop homes (enabling self-generation and storage of surplus power, reducing grid dependence);

　　High-prone power outage areas (providing emergency backup power to ensure basic living needs);

　　Regions with significant price differences between peak and off-peak electricity prices (leveraging price arbitrage to reduce electricity bills);

　　Remote areas without access to the grid (achieving energy self-sufficiency through integration with PV).

　　II. Common PV Adaptation Troubleshooting (addressing areas not covered by conventional energy storage)

　　1. Sudden drop in PV charging efficiency (high-frequency adaptation issue)

　　Possible causes: Imbalance in the ratio of PV modules to battery capacity (e.g., module power far exceeding the rated capacity of the inverter, resulting in "peak shaving"); MPPT module failure or loose wiring; battery SOC reaching full capacity, triggering charging protection; dust accumulation or obstruction on the PV panel, resulting in reduced power generation efficiency. Troubleshooting and Resolution:

　　Check the capacity and power generation status: Use the inverter backend to check for any "power limit" records. If the capacity-to-power ratio is too high (e.g., exceeding 2.0), adjust the number of PV modules or upgrade the inverter. Use an infrared thermometer to monitor the temperature of the PV panels. If localized overheating is likely due to obstruction, clean any dust or remove any obstructions.

　　Check the electrical connections: After disconnecting the main power supply, check for loose DC terminals between the PV panels and the battery (tighten with a torque wrench based on the cable specifications, typically 10-15 N·m). Measure the voltage (which should match the rated voltage of the modules). If the voltage is normal but charging is unresponsive, the MPPT module may be faulty and you should contact the manufacturer for replacement.

　　Check the battery status: Check the battery SOC on the BMS display. If it has reached 100%, wait for a load to consume some power before testing again. If charging is still not occurring even when the SOC is below 80%, check the BMS charging protection parameters for abnormalities (e.g., the overvoltage protection threshold is set too low). Recalibration by a qualified professional is required. 2. Battery Bulging and Overheating (Safety Hazard Failure)

　　Possible Causes: Excessive charging current (PV panel output power far exceeds the battery's rated charging power); poor battery heat dissipation (installed in a confined space or in direct sunlight); BMS temperature protection failure; poor battery cell consistency leading to localized overcharging.

　　Troubleshooting and Solutions:

　　Control charging current: Check whether the PV charging current exceeds the battery rating (usually 0.2C-0.5C, e.g., a 10kWh battery with a rated charging current ≤25A). If so, set a charging current limit in the inverter.

　　Optimize the installation environment: Check the battery installation location for poor ventilation or temperatures exceeding 60°C. Move the battery to a cool, dry location. Ensure a distance of 15cm or more between the battery and the wall or other equipment. Install a cooling fan if necessary.

　　Check the BMS and battery: Use a multimeter to measure the battery cell voltage. If the voltage difference is >50mV, poor consistency indicates poor consistency and requires balancing maintenance or cell replacement. If the BMS has no temperature display or the protection is not triggered, replace the BMS mainboard. 3. Grid-On/Off-Grid Switching Failure (Risk of Power Interruption)

　　Possible Causes: Grid voltage fluctuations triggering erroneous switching; damaged switching relay; communication failure between the inverter and the grid; insufficient battery charge to support off-grid operation.

　　Troubleshooting and Solutions:

　　Check the grid and battery status: Use a multimeter to measure the grid voltage (normally 220V ±10%). If frequent fluctuations occur, install a voltage stabilizer. Check the battery SOC to see if it is ≥20%. If it is below this value, charge it first.

　　Check the switching component: After disconnecting the power supply, disassemble the inverter to check for corrosion on the switching relay contacts. If so, replace the relay with a similar model (certified by the State Grid Corporation of China).

　　Check the communication connection: Check the communication cable between the inverter and the grid meter for looseness. Reseat and tighten. If the problem persists, contact the power company to inspect the grid communication module. III. Targeted Maintenance and Safety Guidelines

　　1. Regular Maintenance Focus (Stricter Than Ordinary Energy Storage Batteries)

　　PV Adapter System Inspection: Quarterly inspect the DC wiring between the PV panels and batteries (check for looseness or oxidation). Use a power meter to check charging efficiency (should be ≥85%). Every six months, commission a professional organization to calibrate the MPPT module (to ensure tracking accuracy) and verify that the capacity ratio matches the current power load and installed PV capacity.

　　Battery Core Maintenance: Monthly check the battery cell voltage and temperature through the BMS (cell temperature difference ≤ 5°C). Perform an equalization charge every six months (float charge for 2 hours after charging to 100%). Avoid deep discharge (SOC ≤ 20%) to extend battery life. If not used for an extended period, maintain the SOC between 50% and 60%, and recharge monthly.

　　Electrical and Environmental Maintenance: Clean dust from the inverter and battery surfaces every two months (use a dry brush, not a wet cloth), and check that the cooling vents are unobstructed. Check the grounding system monthly (ground resistance ≤ 4Ω) to ensure lightning protection is effective. Batteries installed outdoors should be inspected for damage and their rain covers replaced promptly.

　　2. Safety Operation and Compliance Guidelines

　　Installation: This device must be operated by individuals with an electrician's license and photovoltaic system installation qualifications. The device must strictly adhere to the "Safety Requirements for Household and Similar Energy Storage Battery Systems" (GB/T 40278-2021). The device must be installed away from sources of ignition, heat, or gas pipelines, and at a safe distance from children's play areas. After installation, registration with the power department and grid connection approval must be obtained. Self-wiring or modification is prohibited.

　　Emergency Response Guidelines: If a battery fire occurs, immediately disconnect the PV and grid power supplies. Use a dry powder fire extinguisher (do not use water), evacuate the area quickly, and call the police. If leakage occurs, clean the battery with acid-resistant gloves, neutralize the electrolyte with baking soda, and replace the damaged battery. If a grid connection failure causes a power outage, prioritize switching to a backup power source and contact the manufacturer's after-sales service for investigation.

　　Scrap and Replacement Requirements: Batteries exceeding 10 years of age or with more than 3,000 cycles (capacity less than 80% of rated value) must be recycled by a qualified company and are prohibited from disposal. Replacement batteries must be of the same brand and specifications to ensure compatibility with the existing PV system and inverter. Re-testing the grid connection is required after replacement. IV. Core Differences from Ordinary Household Energy Storage Batteries

　　The solar-compatible version enhances its photovoltaic compatibility with conventional energy storage batteries. Conventional models lack an MPPT module and require a PV inverter for charging, resulting in high energy conversion losses (2%-3% higher). However, the solar-compatible version has a built-in MPPT and supports DC direct charging, offering higher efficiency. Regarding compatibility, conventional models only support fixed-voltage charging and are unable to accommodate PV panels of varying power ratings. The solar-compatible version offers a wide input voltage (200V-800V DC) and a capacity-to-discharge ratio of up to 2.0, fully utilizing PV resources. Regarding control functions, conventional models only offer basic charge and discharge protection, while the solar-compatible version supports coordinated PV-load-battery-grid scheduling, enabling automated execution of peak-valley arbitrage strategies. Regarding safety, the solar-compatible version features enhanced protection against overloads caused by peak loads and optimized high-temperature heat dissipation, making it more suitable for outdoor PV deployments. Conventional models are primarily designed as indoor backup power sources and lack specific protection.

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