Photovoltaic (PV) inverter systems are the "brain" of solar installations, converting DC electricity from solar panels into grid - compatible AC power and optimizing system performance. They come in four main configurations, each tailored to specific applications.

Centralized inverters are used in large - scale solar farms (10MW+). They connect hundreds of panels in series/parallel, with high power ratings (500kW - 2MW). Their strength lies in low per - kW cost, but they are less flexible if individual panels are shaded. String inverters (30kW - 225kW ) are dominant in commercial and utility - scale projects, connecting 10 - 20 panels per string. They offer better shade tolerance and easier maintenance, with 2024 market share reaching 72% .

Microinverters (200 - 600W) attach to individual panels, maximizing output by performing MPPT per panel. They are ideal for residential roofs with shade or orientation variations, growing at 28% year - on - year .  combine string and centralized features, with DC optimizers per string and a central inverter, balancing efficiency and cost.

Modern PV systems include smart features: real - time monitoring via cloud platforms, with 99% accurate string - level fault detection . They support grid integration functions like high/low voltage ride - through and frequency response, complying with grid codes worldwide. With a typical design life of 20 years , they are critical for the global solar market, which is projected to grow at 15% CAGR through 2030, driven by decarbonization policies.

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