I. Compatible Region Classification and Configuration Logic

1. High-Intensity Arid Regions (Annual Sunshine Hours ≥ 2800)

Regional Characteristics: High sunlight intensity, large diurnal temperature fluctuations, low precipitation, but possible high temperatures (summer extreme temperatures ≥ 35°C). Commonly found in desert edges and open areas of the plateau.

System Configuration Key Points:

PV Panels: High-temperature resistant types are preferred. Each panel can be either 300W or 400W. The total number of panels is calculated based on a capacity-to-load ratio of 1.2-1.3 times (a 20kW battery requires a total panel power of 24-26kW, corresponding to 80-87 300W panels and 60-65 400W panels). The recommended panel tilt angle is 15-25° (for high solar altitudes).

Energy storage batteries: Enhanced heat dissipation design is required, and natural ventilation can be used for installation to avoid decreased battery charging and discharging efficiency during high midday temperatures. It is recommended to reserve 15%-20% battery capacity redundancy (e.g., for a daily load of 15kW/day, a 28-30kWh capacity can be configured) to account for occasional overcharging during consecutive sunny days.


Supplementary adaptation: Cables should be made of aging-resistant materials, and brackets should preferably be made of corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy (to avoid accelerated aging from strong ultraviolet rays in arid regions). No additional rainproofing is required, but lightning protection grounding is required (although thunderstorms are rare in arid regions, the intensity of individual thunderstorms is high).


2. Moderate sunlight and mild areas (2000-2800 hours of sunshine per year)


Regional characteristics: Moderate sunlight intensity, minimal seasonal temperature differences, evenly distributed precipitation, and no extreme high or low temperatures. Common in plain rural areas and suburban, non-grid-connected areas.

System Configuration Key Points:

Photovoltaic Panels: 300W or 400W panels can be flexibly configured, with a total power ratio of 1.1-1.2 times the capacity (22-24kW total power, corresponding to 73-80 300W panels and 55-60 400W panels). Panels should be tilted 25-35° (to accommodate optimal sunlight in spring and autumn).

Energy Storage Batteries: No special temperature-sensing design is required; conventional normal-temperature models are sufficient. Reserve 10%-15% capacity redundancy (e.g., for a 15kW/day load, configure 25-28kWh). Wall-mounted or floor-mounted installation is possible, balancing space utilization and ease of maintenance.

Supplementary Adaptations: Brackets should be made of conventional steel or aluminum alloy. Cables should be treated with basic anti-aging treatment. A simple rain shelter can be added to cope with seasonal rainfall. Standard grounding systems are sufficient.

3. Low-light, rainy/cold regions (annual sunshine hours <2000 hours)

Regional characteristics: Low sunlight intensity, frequent rainy days, or low winter temperatures (extreme temperatures ≤ -10°C), common in rainy mountainous areas and high-latitude rural areas.

System Configuration Key Points:

PV panels: Prefer high-efficiency models (such as monocrystalline silicon). Increase total power by 1.3-1.4 times the capacity ratio (26-28kW total power, corresponding to 87-93 300W panels and 65-70 400W panels). Tilt the panels to 35-45° (to improve daylighting efficiency at low solar altitudes). Snow covers (for cold regions) or tilt adjustment devices (for easier drainage in rainy regions) may be installed.

Energy storage batteries: In low-temperature areas, battery insulation or heating modules are required (to prevent charging efficiency from falling below 50%). In rainy areas, the battery compartment seal should be reinforced. A 20%-25% capacity redundancy should be reserved (e.g., for a 15kW/day load, 30-32kWh capacity should be configured) to mitigate power generation shortfalls caused by continuous rain or snowfall.


Supplementary adaptations: Use corrosion-resistant steel for brackets (to resist rust in rainy areas), cold-resistant materials for cables (to prevent brittle cracking in low-temperature areas), add photovoltaic panel cleaning devices (to reduce dust accumulation that affects light transmission in rainy areas), and strengthen the grounding system (as thunderstorms are frequent in rainy areas).

II. Core System Configuration Parameters

1. PV Array Configuration

Power Matching: A 20kW battery requires a total PV array power of 22-28kW (adjust the capacity ratio based on regional sunlight). A single 300W panel requires 73-93 panels, and a 400W panel requires 55-70 panels. It is recommended to use panels of the same power rating within the same array to avoid current imbalance.

String Design: For 300W panels (operating voltage ~30V), connect 16-18 panels in series per string (total voltage 480-540V). For 400W panels (operating voltage ~35V), connect 14-16 panels in series per string (total voltage 490-560V). Each string current must be ≤ the maximum inverter input current (typically 20A+). The number of parallel strings should be adjusted based on the total power requirement (3-5 is ideal).

2. Key Energy Storage Battery Parameters

Voltage and Capacity: Common configurations are 48V or 96V systems (compatible with off-grid inverters), with a capacity of 25-32kWh (calculated based on load demand + redundancy). The cycle life must be ≥3000 cycles (at 80% depth of discharge), ensuring a service life of 5-8 years.

Charge and Discharge Protection: The battery must support overcharge, over-discharge, overcurrent, and short-circuit protection. For low-temperature environments, it must have an operating temperature range of -20°C to 50°C (with insulation/heating functions). For rainy areas, the protection level must be ≥IP65.

3. Inverter and Controller Configuration

Off-grid inverter: Power must be ≥20kW (matching the battery's rated power), support MPPT (tracking accuracy ≥99%), input voltage range must cover the total PV string voltage (450-600V), output voltage must adapt to the load requirements (single-phase 220V or three-phase 380V), and include overload protection (120% overload for 10 seconds) and islanding protection.

Charge and discharge controller: Current specification 60A-100A (selectable based on the total PV array current), support PWM or MPPT control mode (MPPT mode is more efficient and suitable for low-light areas), and can be linked to a battery management system (BMS) for intelligent charge and discharge regulation.

4. Selection of Auxiliary Components

Mounting System: Select materials (aluminum alloy/corrosion-resistant steel) based on the regional climate. Wind resistance rating ≥ 12 (reinforced to 15 in windy areas) and snow load resistance ≥ 0.7kPa (in cold and snowy areas).

Cables and Connectors: PV cables should be made of 4mm²-6mm² cross-linked polyethylene (temperature resistant -40°C to 90°C). Connectors should have an IP67 rating ≥ to prevent rain and snow from penetrating and causing poor contact.

Lightning Protection and Grounding: Install a lightning arrester (SPD) on the PV array (DC side) and a lightning arrester on the inverter (AC side). Ground resistance should be ≤ 4Ω. Regular grounding verification is required in areas with high humidity or high rainfall.

III. Environmental Adaptation and Operation and Maintenance Key Points

Temperature Adaptation: In high-temperature areas, provide ventilation holes in the battery compartment (or install cooling fans). In low-temperature areas, lay insulation inside the battery compartment (or install 12V low-temperature heaters) to ensure the battery operating temperature remains between 10°C and 35°C.

Precipitation and Humidity Adaptation: In rainy areas, tilt the PV panels at a minimum of 30° (to facilitate drainage). Install a waterproof cushioning layer (such as a rubber gasket) on the bottom of the battery compartment. In high-humidity areas, regularly check cable connectors for rust (every three months).

Cleaning and Maintenance: In high-sunlight, arid areas, clean the panels every two months (to remove sand and dust). In rainy areas, clean them every month (to remove rainwater residue). Check the batteries every six months for capacity degradation (to avoid over 20% capacity degradation without timely replacement).

Load management: The off-grid system needs to avoid direct starting of instantaneous high-power loads (such as motors ≥10kW), and a soft starter can be configured; the load power and remaining battery capacity need to be monitored daily to avoid deep discharge (less than 20%) that affects battery life.

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