Thermal management of chemical energy storage batteries is of utmost importance as temperature significantly impacts battery performance, safety, and lifespan.

　　During the charging and discharging processes of chemical energy storage batteries, various electrochemical reactions occur, generating heat. If this heat is not effectively managed, it can lead to a series of problems. For instance, a high - temperature environment can accelerate side reactions within the battery, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity and a shortened cycle life. Moreover, excessive temperature can cause thermal runaway, a dangerous situation where the temperature of the battery rises rapidly, potentially leading to fire and explosion.

　　There are several thermal management techniques employed to address these issues. Air - cooling is one of the simplest and most commonly used methods. It works by using fans or natural convection to dissipate heat. Air - cooling systems are relatively low - cost and easy to install. However, their heat - dissipation efficiency is limited, especially in high - power battery applications where a large amount of heat needs to be removed quickly.

　　Liquid - cooling systems offer higher heat - dissipation capabilities compared to air - cooling. In liquid - cooling, a coolant fluid, such as water - glycol mixtures, circulates through channels or pipes in contact with the battery modules. The coolant absorbs the heat generated by the batteries and transfers it to a heat exchanger, where the heat is dissipated into the environment. This method can more precisely control the temperature of the battery pack and maintain a more uniform temperature distribution, which is crucial for the overall performance and lifespan of the batteries.

　　Phase - change material (PCM) - based thermal management is another emerging technology. PCMs can absorb and store a large amount of heat during the phase - change process (e.g., from solid to liquid) without a significant increase in temperature. When the battery temperature rises, the PCM absorbs the heat and changes its phase, effectively stabilizing the temperature. PCMs can be used alone or in combination with other cooling methods, providing additional thermal protection and improving the thermal performance of the battery system.

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