Flywheel energy storage technology operates on the fundamental principle of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. At its core, a flywheel is a rotating mass, typically made of high - strength materials such as carbon fiber composites or advanced alloys. When there is excess electrical energy available, such as during periods of low electricity demand or when renewable energy sources like wind and solar are producing more power than needed, an electric motor - generator unit in the flywheel system is powered by this electrical energy.

　　The electric motor uses this input to accelerate the flywheel, increasing its rotational speed. As the flywheel spins faster, it stores kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy stored in the flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and its moment of inertia. Mathematically, This means that even a relatively small increase in rotational speed can lead to a significant increase in stored energy.

　　When electrical energy is required, the process is reversed. The high - speed rotating flywheel acts as a prime mover, driving the generator to convert the stored kinetic energy back into electrical energy. The generator then supplies this electricity to the grid or the connected load. To ensure efficient energy conversion, the flywheel is often operated in a vacuum chamber to minimize air resistance, which could otherwise cause energy losses due to friction. Additionally, magnetic bearings are commonly used to support the flywheel, reducing mechanical friction and enabling the flywheel to maintain high rotational speeds for extended periods.

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